Immune proteins dominate cream fractions, with camel milk containing 49 and cow milk 47, surpassing entire and skimmed milk
In a current research revealed in Meals Chemistry, researchers in contrast cow and camel milk proteomes, specializing in immune proteins, bioactive peptides (BPs), and allergens. Additionally they evaluated the impression of fractionation and processing strategies.
Background
Milk, a trademark of mammals, gives diet and immunological safety by its balanced composition of proteins, fat, and lactose. Past sustenance, milk proteins and BPs play therapeutic roles, together with antimicrobial, antihypertensive, and antioxidant results.
Camel milk, which is gaining reputation resulting from its perceived well being advantages, differs considerably from cow milk in composition and allergenicity. It notably lacks β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), a serious allergen in cow milk. Nonetheless, milk proteins can set off immunoglobin-E (IgE) —mediated allergic responses.
Additional analysis is required to discover immune-related capabilities, therapeutic potentials, and allergenic dangers of milk proteins and peptides to make sure protected and useful consumption.
Concerning the research
Commercially pooled uncooked cow milk (Cleopatra’s Tub Milk, New South Wales, Australia) and Arabian camel milk (Good Earth Dairy, Western Australia, Australia) have been analyzed by 4 technical repeats. Milk samples have been separated into skimmed and cream parts by way of centrifugation. The cream fraction was washed with phosphate buffer resolution and handled with 0.4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to solubilize hydrophobic proteins, adopted by vortexing, sonication, and fats separation. Skimmed milk was used as a benchmark for SDS therapy.
Protein concentrations have been measured utilizing the Bradford assay. Proteins have been diminished, alkylated, and digested with trypsin for peptide evaluation utilizing SWATH-MS and DIA-NN, using FASTA reference proteomes for Bos taurus and Camelus dromedarius. Native peptides have been purified by way of Stable Part Extraction (SPE) and analyzed with IDA mass spectrometry. Bioactive proteins (BPs) and allergens have been mapped utilizing a customized database and AllerCatPro.
Knowledge have been visualized with R, Cytoscape, and Circos plots to establish immune proteins, potential allergens, and bioactivities. Statistical analyses included KEGG pathway enrichment and differential protein abundance testing to match cow and camel milk proteomes.
Examine outcomes
Within the current comparative evaluation of camel and cow milk, the best variety of protein teams was recognized within the cream fraction of each species, with camel milk yielding 537 distinct proteins and cow milk 560. These findings highlighted the protein range inside the cream fraction.
Overlapping protein teams have been noticed throughout all milk fractions, with camel milk displaying better overlap between cream and entire milk (579 proteins) than between cream and skimmed milk (438 proteins). Equally, cow milk exhibited a better overlap between cream and entire milk (271 proteins) in comparison with cream and skimmed milk (241 proteins). This indicated the effectiveness of SDS therapy in solubilizing cream-associated proteins, significantly in camel milk.
Immune system-related proteins have been extra plentiful within the cream fraction for each camel and cow milk. Camel cream contained 49 immune-related proteins, whereas cow cream had 47, considerably greater than entire or skimmed milk fractions.
Statistical evaluation utilizing the Kruskal-Wallis check confirmed vital variations in immune protein abundance between cream and different milk fractions. In distinction, no vital variations have been noticed between skimmed and entire milk. Notably, immune-related pathways, together with antigen processing and endocytosis, have been enriched in cream, significantly in camel milk.
Differential protein abundance evaluation revealed that camel cream exhibited upregulation of 307 proteins in comparison with entire milk and 189 proteins in comparison with skimmed milk. These proteins have been predominantly related to immune pathways, corresponding to antigen presentation and ribosome perform.
Cow cream additionally confirmed vital upregulation of proteins concerned in immune processes, together with Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis and leukocyte migration. Protein-protein interplay (PPI) community evaluation recognized key immune proteins, corresponding to integrin β2 and complement C3 in camel milk and integrin β2 and warmth shock protein 90 in cow milk, as central nodes essential for community stability.
The research additionally highlighted variations in BP enrichment between camel and cow milk. Camel milk demonstrated better BP range, with the filtration methodology yielding 888 native peptides, in comparison with 223 in cow milk. Predicted bioactivities included antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. Camel milk additionally exhibited a better variety of tryptic peptides with potential bioactivity in comparison with cow milk.
In allergenicity profiling, camel and cow milk contained 53 and 52 doubtlessly allergenic proteins, respectively. Excessive overlap was noticed between the allergen profiles of the 2 species, with 32 cow milk allergens having orthologous counterparts in camel milk. Notably, β-Lg, a serious allergen in cow milk, was absent in camel milk, underscoring its decrease allergenic potential.
Conclusions
To summarize, the cream fraction confirmed the best protein restoration, with camel milk exhibiting better proteomic range and BP abundance. Key immune proteins, together with integrin β2 and warmth shock proteins, have been enriched in cream, emphasizing its position in immune-related pathways.
Camel milk displayed a better capability for BP era and lacked β-Lg, a serious cow milk allergen, supporting its hypoallergenic potential. These findings spotlight camel milk’s therapeutic properties and the significance of fractionation for finding out milk proteins.
